In 1992 when telecommunication engineers sent the first SMS in the UK, few would have predicted that less than twenty years later it would be used as both a mobilising and demobilising tool in Kenya during one of the most violent elections the region has seen for a while. Alice Munuya, KICTAnet , in her talk entitled ‘Civil Society Groups and National ICT Policies’ gave a fascinating insight into the use of SMS technology during late 2007/ early 2008 and how it could be manipulated for both violent and peaceful action.

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